Chapter 18: Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Table of Contents:
Structure

Acidity of Amides, Imides, and Sulfonamides

Characteristic Reactions

Under basic conditions, the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon pushing electrons up to the oxygen. Under acidic conditions, oxygen first gets protonated which is followed by the nucleophile attack.

Reactions With Water: Hydrolysis
Acid Chloride or Anhydride with H2O = Carboxylic Acid

Mechanism

Hydrolysis of Esters
Esters can be converted into carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions.

Mechanisms


Hydrolysis of Amides